Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Police use of force Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Police use of force - Essay Example Justification of the level of force used is dependant on the situation at hand and the interaction with the citizenry. From a philosophical standpoint it could be argued that as regular citizens we have a social contract with the police and our legal system insofar as we have designated that in exchange for a certain level of sovereignty to these authority figures in exchange for maintaining social order and the rule of law. From this perspective we could postulate that a use of force could be designed on a sliding scale from a stern warning from a police office for minor violations on the one side of the spectrum, right through to the use of deadly force for the most sever violations. However that is not to say that police do not act in a manner that goes outside of the boundaries of what is considered sensible in circumstances and to say that there are different viewpoints as to what would be considered adequate. Obviously from one perspective, a person who is being subjected to a degree of force from a police officer is probably going to believe that the use of force that he or she is being subje cted to is excessive whereas a non partisan observer might have a completely different objective. As it stands a number of specific mandates are given to police officers at different levels as to what level of force is appropriate in what circumstances. For example it may be the case that the moment a weapon becomes visible the police then have authorization to automatically use less than lethal weapons (Tazers, pepper spray, batons etc.). From a legal perspective according to US Legal definition (2010) police brutality represents a violation of civil rights when an officer acts with more force than what is required, yet there is no precise definition. In the American context, as a generality, force should only be used to
Monday, October 28, 2019
Prevalence of Racism within Police Departments Essay Example for Free
Prevalence of Racism within Police Departments Essay Abstract            Racism is always associated with the occurrence of Police Brutality in the country. Police violence’s had been reported from different states in the country. According to some notable information, race is an instrument in treating criminals or violators. This implies that Black and Whites are fostering a biased attitude in their counter-part race. Black would treat black Americans favorably than whites and vice versa.            On the other hand, it was determined that cases of police brutality are also highly probable to those people with low connections in police departments. People are averring that Policemen are engaged with Abused Power which including fond of terrorizing and exploiting apprehenders.            Perhaps, America can never be free from Racism but Policemen can always be away from cases of Brutality. Prevalence of Racism within Police Departments            All nations in the world are in influence of Racism. Compared to other countries, racism is well identified issue in the United States of America. In the study conducted by the United Nations Organization, racism was also considered as the roots or catalyst of other discrimination and exploitation issues such as slavery, crimes and even police brutality against minorities. The issue regarding police brutality is in great concern as the numbers of victims are greatly increasing in the state.  (Snah, 2004)This paper aims to study the role of racism in the incidence or occurrence of police brutality. Also it sought to find out some cases of police brutality. Incidence of Police brutality            Cases of police brutality had been reported across the country. In the New York City alone, 500 cases occurred per month (Gregg, 1999). In 1999, the Chicago Police Department faced the charges of racism after the incidence of different deadly encounters of Black Americans and police. The department was in controversy as an incident happened regarding a university student football player Robert Russ. He was suspected of grabbing the gun and disrespecting a police officer while in confrontation in the street. He was shot out in his car aimlessly. According to some witnesses, the policemen in the said department are abusing their power in treating every suspected violator.  (Johnson, 1999) The bottom line in this incident is most victims are black Americans while apprehenders are white Americans. On the other states, New York Police Department was also in intrigue with the incident called the â€Å"savage brutality†. An immigrant from Guinea named Amadou Diallo died after being rained of forty one shots by four policemen. (Jones, 1998) This event is an absolute proof were policemen are not following the â€Å"zero-tolerance†policy where they tend to react violently to the criminal notoriously; not upholding the rights of the criminal.            It can be considered that police brutality is in everyday occurrence. Also, the event is highly probable or possible in which different races or culture mixes. They are highly victimized because these people have lesser security or higher connections, in which police officers are confident of terrorizing and intimidating therm. Different races like Blacks, immigrants like Latinos and Asians are harassed, exploited, assaulted and in worst case-killed. This incident implies that American policeman are not equable, they do unequal treatments. Race had been their instrument or basis in giving their service as crime-busters and peace keepers. It’s an implication of prevalence of racism and police brutality where both races are fostering a condescending attitude toward their counterpart race. Narrowing Down            Primarily, Racism triggered the occurrence of police brutality in the country. Police brutality in one way or another had stained the over-all integrity of Policeman as the defenders of Democratic and Republic people. With different cases or evidences of police brutality, we can certainly deduce that the police system is instituted basically to protect upper class people from poor people, serve and promote their own race and consider other races as conspiracy against them. In short, they are not equable.            The image portray by the police is very different from their sole purpose. It’s never late to renew the image of policeman in the country. It’s true that the country is divided and being separated by different principles. Races continue to develop gap with in each other.  However, the resemblance that keeps us one is our ability to accept the challenge of Racism. We can always foster a good camaraderie with all people in the word. In this simple way, in some how, we can make a better America and have the best Policemen in the universe, where Police brutality will never be experienced again and policemen will be associated to goodness. References Gress, T. (1998, July 4). Everyones Problem: Police Brutalty and Race. Retrieved August 12,  2008, from http://www.socialissuesletters.com.html Johnson, D. (1999, July 19). Police Racism Charges Defy a Pattern. Retrieved Augut 12, 2008,           from New York Times Press:        http://querry.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B02E4DE123BF93AA257 Jones, A. (1998, 9 July). US Police Brutality. Retrieved August 11, 2008, from Socialism Today:            http://www.socialismtoday.org/38/nypd38.html Snah, A. (2004, December 20). Racism in North America. Retrieved August 13, 2008, from      Global Issues:            http://www.globalissues.or/article/165/racism/NorthAmerica
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Gambling on the Internet Essay -- online casinos
Coming to Terms You roll the dice, you look at the cards, you pick a team then you pray. The whole idea is that you feel you have an edge over others, and that you are lucky. You think that you can beat the house, and in this new age of technology you can bring it all into the comfort of your home. This is how online gambling was created. In recent years online gambling has become more and more popular; a report released last year by a stock analyst said that online gambling revenues will nearly triple $3 billion by this year. To the many sports fan out there, how many times have you said, "Anyone could have predicted the outcome of that game." The truth is that gambling isn't easy. That is why it's called gambling, you are taking a calculated risk which you believe gives you a good chance of coming out on top. Often the people who decide that they want to start an online gambling account do not understand what they are getting into. There are two types of online gamblers. There are those who should be going to gamblers anonymous and those who think that online gambling is a quick fix to financial problems. To get started the user must give out an assortment of personal information including contact numbers and credit card numbers. For certain accounts they attract you with the promise free money. For example you may receive 10% free of your initial deposit. The entire idea of a deposit is to put a certain amount of money into an account and then you use this to gamble. After you have electronically signed away your credit cards and personal information you can start to have fun. Now you get to lose some money, maybe you will get lucky and break even. When sitting at a card table, in front of a slot machine or preparing ... ... million of dollars owed to investors. In the end you must realize that all forms of gambling incur a certain amount of chance. Work Cited Gilmour, Kim. â€Å"Viva Las Vegas.†Expanded Academic ASAP. March 2009. Internet Magazine. 31 May 2009 http://web5.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/431/916/34512188w5/purl=rc1_EAIM_0_A96304982&dyn=5!xrn_1_0_A96304982?sw_aep=viva_jmu Janower, Cynthia. â€Å"Gambling on the Internet†, Familiar Territory or Lawless Frontiers, September 1996. 28 May 2009 http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol2/issue2/janower.html#footnotes McDonald, Marci. â€Å"Betting the House.†Expanded Academic ASAP. 16 October 2000. U.S. News & World Report. 31 May 2009 http://web5.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/431/916/34512188w5/purl=rc1_EAIM_0_A65913404&dyn=3!xrn_3_0_A65913404?sw_aep=viva_jmu McGrath, James. Personal Interview. 2 April 2009
Thursday, October 24, 2019
M&M History
How many of you like M&M’s? I’m sure a lot of you do, but do you know how they were introduced to us? Well, let me tell you. Forrest Mars came up with the idea of creating the now famous M&M’s. Mars saw soldiers eating pieces of chocolate covered with a hard sugary coating. The coating preventing the candy from melting in the hot sun. In 1940, he made his first, independent move into the candy business in the United States.Somewhere in his travels, Mars had come across a candy that was essentially tiny chocolate pellets surrounded by a sugar shell. He may have seen soldiers eating them during the Spanish civil war; no one seems to know for sure. What is known is that in 1940, Mars concocted his own version of candy-coated chocolate drops and took them to the Hershey Corporation. There he proposed an 80-20 partnership to Bruce Murrie, the son of Hershey executive William Murrie, where Bruce would be the 20-percent partner.At the time, World War II was developing, and chocolate would be rationed during this period. The Hershey Corporation, however, already had a deal to provide chocolate for the troops. Bruce Murrie helped create this candy. M&M’s got their name of the abbreviation of their inventors Forrest Mars and Bruce Murrie. In 1941, the first M&M’s were introduced to American GIs serving in WWII. The first wrapper that they came out in was a cardboard tube and in 1948 it became the brown bag we now know.In 1950, the first â€Å"m†was imprinted in black, now giving them a trademark. In 1954, chocolate peanut M&M’s are introduced and also the black m on the candies was changed to white. They get their own logo â€Å"melts in your mouth, not hands†and animated characters made a television debut. Throughout time more and more different types of M&M’s came out like the peanut butter, pretzel, milk chocolate, dark chocolate, dark chocolate peanut, coconut, mint chocolate, almonds, wild cherry, amon g other special lines he brought out.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Long-Term Investment Decisions Essay
Assume that the industry you wrote about in Assignment 3 wants to expand and has to make some long-term capital budgeting decisions. Now the industry is confronted with government regulations to oversee the merger. Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you: Explain why government regulation is or is not needed, citing the major reasons for government involvement in a market economy. Provide support for your explanation. Justify the rationale for the intervention of government in the market process in the U.S. Assume that the company’s is considering a merger. The possible merger currently faces some threats and that the industry decides on self-expansion as an alternative strategy, describe the additional complexities that would arise under this new scenario of expansion via capital projects. Analyze how the different forces will come together to create a convergence between the interests of stockholders and managers indicating the most likely impact to profitability. Provide support for your response. Use at least three (3) high-quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources. Look more: difference between irr and mirr essay Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: Be typed, double-spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Assess how managerial economics is used in business decision making. Evaluate how government regulation is constraining and enabling for managerial decisions related to maximizing shareholder wealth. Use technology and information resources to research issues in managerial economics and globalization. Write clearly and concisely about managerial economics and globalization using proper writing mechanics.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) The WritePass Journal
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) John | July 18, 2017 Autism Spectrum Disorder Causes, Reasons and TreatmentCauses of ASDCauses of ASD GenticsTo modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayCauses of ASD Environmental FactorsReasons for ASDASD Treatment MedicationsASD Treatment Behaviours and CommunicationConclusionTo modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayBibliographyTo modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayRelated Autism Spectrum Disorder Causes, Reasons and Treatment Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is defined as a developmental disability that affects people’s personalities based on how they interact with the world (Magalhaes and Almeida, 2010). However, Sparks and Dager (2012, p. 187) defines ASD as â€Å"a serious neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs ones ability to communicate and interact with others.†Various ASD definitions are known to be universal since they recognise it as a spectral condition (Baird et al., 2016). In his study, Umekage (2011, p. 25), indicates that ASD is a hidden disability coupled with foetal brain damage as well as impairment of neural vitro development. Characterised by interests, activities and repetitive behaviours, ASD is so complex that it varies from one case to another (Akanksha et al., 2011). Despite various studies on the reasons, causes and treatment of ASD, there are relatively unknown rationale for its causes. Chandler and Baird (2015, p. 923) posits that people with ASD need different kinds of support since their ways of development and learning differ from every individual. The aim of this paper is to discuss the causes, reasons and treatment of ASD. Causes of ASD Although there are undetermined causes of ASD, scientists as well as medical practitioners believe that an amalgamation of genetic and environmental factors are the two major causes of ASD (Fitzgerald and Geschwind, 2013). To start with, the cause of ASD via genetic factors is not a simple process, but a complex of progression that involve multiple genes. Causes of ASD Gentics Autism Spectrum Disorder As indicated by Schechtman (2014, p.86) study, the rate of ASD development in identical twins as well as monozygotic is higher than rates in dizygotic and same-sex fraternal twins. This indicates that fraternal twins only share some genes, while identical twins have equal genes and therefore genes contributes much to autism. More so, Brothers as well as sisters of children with autism have high level of autism (Fitzgerald and Geschwind, 2013). From another perspective, Smith and John (2011, p. 803) in their research attributed that siblings share certain problems such as language as well as learning difficulties if one of the sibling has autism. However, it is not clear if autism is inherited as well as more general predisposition difficulties. To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today Causes of ASD Environmental Factors Secondly, ASD can be caused by environmental factors. Environmental toxins such as mercury and thimerosoal vaccines cause autism stems (Mercer et al., 2016). More so, congenital rubella infection is one of the environmental factors that cause ASD. However, Goin-Kochel and Myers (2015, p. 172) disputes that there is anyclarity environmental factors causing ASD and therefore more studies needs to be done. Rich and Isager (2012, p. 410) adds â€Å"some of the evidence proposed for environmental factors is based on case reports, which are often difficult to interpret.†Reasons for ASD ASD as mentioned earlier, ASD can be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors, however, we have reasons ASD occurs. First, Autism exists when a single gene known as fragile X syndrome (FXS) exists in the blood (Hessl and Schneider, 2013). FXS is defined as a syndrome that is coupled with autism as well as intellectual disability (Visootsak and Picker, 2015). As per Wehner and Hagerman (2011, p. 415), â€Å"Whereas ASD is a behavioural diagnosis, FXS is a medical, or more accurately, a genetic diagnosis and therefore when associated with FXS, ASD is caused by the genetic change or mutation in the Fragile X gene.†This alters normal blood circulation, hence ASD. Secondly, individuals are affected by ASD when tuberous sclerosis, chromosome 15q and other genetic conditions subsist (Hessl and Schneider, 2013). ASD Treatment Medications Core symptoms associated with ASD have no medication and cure, but we have medications that help to manage high energy levels of ASD, seizures, inability to focus as well as depression symptoms (Burrell and Borrego, 2012). The first treatment method utilised during ASD is the early intervention service. This method improves individual’s development, especially children with ASD (Buitelaar and Wong, 2014). These services, such as vitamin therapy, auditory training, facilitated communication and physical therapy improve children talk, interaction and walk. Early intervention services attribute the theory of mind as an explanatory ASD theory that reflects on the symptom criteria (A) of the DSM-5. As per Gallese and Goldman (2012, p. 496), the theory of mind was created by Uta Frith, Alan Leslie and Simon Baron-Cohen in 1985 to explain communication persistence as well as social interaction for people with ASD. ASD Treatment Behaviours and Communication The second method used for ASD treatment is the behaviours and communication approaches. This method involves direct, organised and structural ways for people with ASD to participate in a given paediatric events and medication. As per Burrell and Borrego (2012, p. 424), applied behaviour analysis (ABA) is utilised as a treatment of ASD via behaviour and communication approach to encourage positive and discourage negative behaviours hence improving various skills needed during ASD treatment. This is in relation to the theory of executive dysfunction which states, â€Å"Executive functions (EF) are a set of cognitive skills that are put into practice through autonomous activities.†Most of these EF skills are utilised by ASD patients to boost their flexibility, organisation, objectives and goals, anticipation as well as to be able to control their impulses (Buitelaar and Wong, 2014). Thirdly, ASD can be treated through dietary approaches. Change in diet, such as using certain foods, mineral supplements and vitamin helps to treat certain ASD effects. However, Talalay and Zimmerman (2014) posit that although dietary approach is considered as one of the ASD treatment, there is no scientific support and recommendation. Finally, ASD can be treated using complementary and alternative treatments. Treatments associated with complementary and alternative approaches include chelation, biological such as secretin, special diets and body-based systems (Burrell and Borrego, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, the aim of this paper was to discuss the causes, reasons and treatment of the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Being a hidden disability coupled with foetal brain damage as well as impairment of neural vitro development, ASD has varied and complex behaviours hence there is unknown treatment for core symptoms. Generally, ASD is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors such as genes inheritance and environmental toxins respectively. Some of the treatments for ASD as discussed included the used of the early intervention services, the behaviours and communication approaches, dietary approaches and complementary and alternative treatments. Characterised by interests, activities and repetitive behaviours, ASD is so complex that it varies from one case to another and therefore its treatments depends on an individual case. To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today Bibliography Akanksha, M., Sahil, K., Premjeet, S. and Bhawna, K. (2011) â€Å"Autism spectrum disorders (ASD).†International Journal of research in ayurveda pharmacy, 2(5), pp.1541- 1546. Baird, G., Simonoff, E. and Charman, T. (2016) â€Å"Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP).†The lancet, 368(9531), pp.210-215. Burrell, L. and Borrego, J. (2012) â€Å"Parents Involvement in ASD Treatment: What Is Their Role?.†Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(3), pp.423-432. Buitelaar, K. and Wong, C. (2014) â€Å"Psychopharmacological prescriptions for people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): a multinational study.†Psychopharmacology, 231(6), pp.999-1009. Chandler, S. and Baird, G. (2015) â€Å"Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample.†Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), pp.921-929. Fitzgerald, R. and Geschwind, D. (2013) â€Å"Autism recurrence in half siblings: strong support for genetic mechanisms of transmission in ASD.†Molecular psychiatry, 18(2), p.137- 140. Goin-Kochel, P. and Myers, B. (2015) â€Å"Congenital versus regressive onset of autism spectrum disorders: Parents beliefs about causes.†Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 20(3), pp.169-179. Gallese, V. and Goldman, A. (2012) â€Å"Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading.†Trends in cognitive sciences, 2(12), pp.493-501. Hessl, D. and Schneider, A. (2013) â€Å"Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders 79(2), pp. 1320-1324. Magalhaes, T. and Almeida, J. (2010) â€Å"Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorder.†Nature, 466(7304), pp.368-401. Mercer, L., Creighton, S. and Lewis, S. (2016) â€Å"Parental perspectives on the causes of an autism spectrum disorder in their children.†Journal of Genetic Counseling, 15(1), pp.41-50. Rich, B. and Isager, T. (2012) â€Å"Mortality and causes of death in autism spectrum disorders: an update.†Autism, 12(4), pp.403-414. Sparks, B. and Dager, S. (2012) â€Å"Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder.†Neurology, 59(2), pp.184-192. Schechtman, M. (2014) â€Å"Scientifically unsupported therapies in the treatment of young children with autism disorders.†Psychiatric Annals, 37(9), pp. 79-92. Smith, S. and John, W. (2011) â€Å"Col4a1 mutation causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and genetically modifiable ocular dysgenesis.†Human molecular genetics, 16(7), pp.798- 807. Talalay, P. and Zimmerman, A. (2014) â€Å"Sulforaphane treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).†Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(43), pp.50-55. Umekage, T. (2011) â€Å"Association of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene polymorphisms with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Japanese population.†Journal of human genetics, 55(3), pp. 23-32. Visootsak, J. and Picker, J. (2015) â€Å"Advances in the treatment of fragile X syndrome.†Pediatrics, 123(1), pp.378-390. Wehner, A. and Hagerman, R. (2011) â€Å"The behavioral phenotype in fragile X: symptoms of autism in very young children with fragile X syndrome, idiopathic autism, and other developmental disorders.†Journal of developmental behavioral pediatrics, 22(6), pp.409-417. To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today Other Links:
Monday, October 21, 2019
Enlightenment Essays
Enlightenment Essays Enlightenment Essay Enlightenment Essay I was, in essence, the immaculate conception of religion As I spread across the world the belief system gospel, But it is only now that I truly feel reborn. The myths that have enslaved me for all these years I can finally dispel. I have now reclaimed from my birth the all seeing eye of truth Before I was indoctrinated into this faith in the early stages of my youth. The real world had become but a distant memory, torn and obscure. I lived and breathed the words of wisdom that were passed down to me, Yet I was blinded, I could not see I grasped at the sacrosanct words of what our holy one had to say Because I was foretold that this was where my own path to righteousness lay. But they realized that my growing curiosity for an ultimate understanding had to be contained. Religion gives us the choice to believe a story that has been manufactured for different faiths; I cringe now when I look back and I used to preach to people who needed to be `saved. For when religion has finished with our souls and this world, Armaggedon will be staged, And when the dust settles the fallen will arise once more and the religious game will replay. I now see the world is full of false prophets whose twisted words are dressed in pure imagery Designed to separate mind, body and soul from the true beauty and feeling of this world. I can now see the beauty of the darkness as well as the light Because belief and faith are not things that can be preached. It is a journey that starts from inside the soul and travels to the heart, Through which we then become entwined with the real world around us. I can now see through the lies because my soul is grounded in the truth.
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Foundations of Grammar in Italian
Foundations of Grammar in Italian For many Italian language speakers- even for those whom Italian is their madrelingua- the phrase parti del discorso might seem foreign. English speakers know the concept as parts of speech, but its probably a term vaguely remembered from grade school grammar. A part of speech (whether Italian or English) is a linguistic category of words generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behavior of the lexical item in question. If that definition intrigues you, then an introduction to Italian linguistics might be a jumping off point. Suffice it to say that linguists have developed a classification system that groups specific types of words according to their roles. For anyone whose primary goal is to speak like an Italian, perhaps its enough to be able to identify each of the parti del discorso to facilitate learning the language. Per tradition, grammarians recognize nine parts of speech in Italian: sostantivo, verbo, aggettivo, articolo, avverbio, preposizione, pronome, congiunzione, and interiezione. Below is a description of each category with examples. Noun / Sostantivo A (sostantivo) indicates persons, animals, things, qualities, or phenomena. Things can also be concepts, ideas, feelings, and actions. A noun can be concrete (automobile, formaggio) or abstract (libert, politica, percezione). A noun can also be common (cane, scienza, fiume, amore), proper (Regina, Napoli, Italia, Arno), or collective (famiglia, classe, grappolo). Nouns such as purosangue, copriletto, and bassopiano are called compound nouns and are formed when combining two or more words. In Italian, the gender of a noun can be male or female. Foreign nouns, when used in Italian, usually keep the same gender as the language of origin. Verb / Verbo A verb (verbo) denotes action (portare, leggere), circumstance (decomporsi, scintillare), or state of being (esistere, vivere, stare). Adjective / Aggettivo An adjective (aggettivo) describes, modifies, or qualifies a noun: la casa bianca, il ponte vecchio, la ragazza americana, il bello zio. In Italian, there are several classes of adjectives, including: demonstrative adjectives (aggettivi dimostrativi), possessive adjectives (aggettivi possessivi), (aggettivi indefiniti), numerical adjectives (aggettivi numerali), and degree of comparison adjectives (gradi dellaggettivo). Article / Articolo An article (articolo) is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the gender and number of that noun. A distinction is usually made between definite articles (articoli determinativi), indefinite articles (articoli indeterminativi), and partitive articles (articoli partitivi). Adverb / Avverbio An adverb (avverbio) is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverb types include manner (meravigliosamente, disastrosamente), time (ancora, sempre, ieri), (laggià ¹, fuori, intorno), quantity (molto, niente, parecchio), frequency (raramente, regolarmente), judgment (certamente, neanche, eventualmente), and (perchà ©?, dove?). Preposition / Preposizione A preposition (preposizione) connects nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence. Examples include di, , da, , con, su, per, and tra. Pronoun / Pronome A (pronome) is a word that refers to or substitutes for a noun. There are several types of pronouns, including personal subject pronouns (pronomi personali soggetto), direct object pronouns (pronomi diretti), indirect object pronouns (pronomi indiretti), reflexive pronouns (pronomi riflessivi), possessive pronouns (pronomi possessivi), (pronomi interrogativi), demonstrative pronouns (pronomi dimostrativi), and the particle ne (particella ne). Conjunction / Congiunzione A conjunction (congiunzione) is the part of speech that joins two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together, such as: quando, sebbene, anche se, and nonostante. Italian conjunctions can be separated into two classes: coordinating conjunctions (congiunzioni coordinative) and subordinating conjunctions (congiunzioni subordinative). Interjection / Interiezione An interjection (interiezione) is an exclamation that expresses an improvisational emotional state: ah! eh! ahimà ¨! boh! coraggio! bravo! There are many types of interjections based on their form and function.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Choosing Construction Method (which one is most cost effective) Dissertation
Choosing Construction Method (which one is most cost effective) self-build - Dissertation Example Options are very important to consider in a self-build project because this will help the builder in choosing the best method for the project. 1. Steel frame This is advantageous because it gives strong energy efficiency and a good standard is achievable. This is usually use in buildings with big open-plan spaces. Considerations, wrapping the exterior part of the frame with firm insulation layer in preventing heat loss. The need of this is not usually recognize in some methods in construction. By comparing to the timber frame, expect 25% more with the cost in using the steel. 2. Brick and block construction This is one of the most common method that is use where in the bricks is attach to the inner skin of the blocks. This construction method is very quick considering the weight of the blocks and how easy it is to use. However, Considerations must be taken like aerated blocks are good insulators. 150 mm thick block compared to 100mm (normal) is suggested to use. Understanding in the different use of the blocks according to the location of the project is very important. In using this method it is also important to consider the weather because it could force the work to stop which in effect will increase the cost. 3. Pre-cast concrete panels It is a concrete panel made through a formwork mould and fabricated outside the site. Exceptionally, this method produces a very strong building. Usually used in basements and where water proofing is advised. This method is best recommended in building volume of houses building that involves a high level of repetition. It is not popular and suited to a one-off house and this method needs plenty of space to be able to put the panels in proper place. 4. Timber frame This method gives the idea that the timber studs and panels can be cover by any weatherproof material. Structural beams are also available in achieving a greater span. This method also suggests to a better flexibility for ground floor room layouts (Self Builder, 201 1). Vision As the methods to choose from have been presented above it is relevant to state the vision statement that would describe what is wanted in the future regarding the self project. In applying standardize engineered fabrication and assembly methods, new supplies and tools will help in a rapid low-cost construction in standardize, lightweight structure and in an efficient working time. There are a lot of advantages in using flexible and programmable new improved properties when it comes to strength, transportation and flexibility to form. This modern process is efficient in reducing labor and material cost. Current problems It is very important to be aware of the existing situation in identifying the current problems with regard of the self project. Many changes occur over the past few decades when it comes to dealing with materials and methods that is applied and used in a construction. Popularity about the use of concrete and steel in the industry are evident. Construction equipment advancement including the secondary system leads to surplus advantages like reducing the maintenance and improving the durability, energy efficiency and lower the environmental impact. Potentials benefits and Opportunities 1. Traditional way of construction is reduce to a fraction of the present trend. 2. Direct labor that is normally required is reduced in
Friday, October 18, 2019
Business IT A Professional Issues Group Report Essay
Business IT A Professional Issues Group Report - Essay Example Improving treatment of depression in primary care requires properly organized treatment programmes, regular follow-up, monitoring of treatment adherence, and a prominent role for the mental health specialist as educator, consultant, guide and clinician. Future research should focus on how guidelines are best implemented in routine practice, since conventional strategies are not displaying any substantial improvement in their impact on patients. *Shifting patients away from mental health specialists decreases costs but worsens functioning outcomes. The appropriate strategy for making care for depression treatment cost-effective is through quality improvement and not through changing specialty mix. *Psychologists managing patients on antidepressant medications did as well as psychiatrists in reducing functioning limitations and were superior to primary care physicians.) *Pharmacotherapy be preferred over psychotherapy for the severely depressed, cognitive therapy, with supportive management. Either medication or psychotherapy could serve as the initial treatment for patients with mild or moderate depression. Our summation is that the idea to turn treatment of depression over to primary care physicians using antidepressant medications
Human Computer Interaction Assesment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Human Computer Interaction Assesment 2 - Essay Example There are many shortcuts that can be used to make the browsing user friendly. For example, ‘Ctrl+T’ opens a new tab for you, ‘Ctrl+1’ moves you to the first tab, ‘Ctrl+2’ moves you to the second tab etc. Firefox address bar has an auto complete option which gives possible suggestions for whatever address you are typing. This also has special character filters to show only a particular group of addresses which has the given word in it. It may happen sometimes that we may need to open the web pages that are closed. Firefox has facility to open the recently closed windows as shown below: What happens when you have a lot of tabs opened on Firefox and your system crashes? This is not a problem while using Firefox because it has ‘session restore’ capability. You also have Save & Quit option for restoring all the tabs so that the next time when you open Firefox, all tabs are ready for you to continue browsing from where you have stopped earlier. â€Å"Add-ons are small pieces of software created by people all over the world, that add new features or functionality to your installation of Firefox. Add-ons can augment Firefox with new search engines, foreign-language dictionaries, or change the visual appearance of Firefox. Through add-ons, you can customize Firefox to meet your needs and tastes.†(Customizing Firefox with add-ons, 2010). A private browsing mode in Firefox allows you to do browsing such that the history will not record your surfing. Firefox also remembers where you where before starting the private browsing mode. You can switch on or off the private browsing mode by just clicking ‘Start Private Browsing’ and ‘Stop Private Browsing’ in the Tools menu. You can customize your Firefox interface according to your wish by using Customize Option that you get when you right-click the Menu Bar. Firefox has the capacity to track the location from where you
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Law Enforcement Research Design and Analysis Assignment 1
Law Enforcement Research Design and Analysis 1 - Assignment Example er the ‘the best of both worlds.’ This is because it marries the less rich but more-efficient or compelling predictive power with the contextualized, in-depth, and natural but more time-consuming insights of quantitative research (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie et al., 2007). These methods mold seamlessly into each other to produce the best format and attacking procedure that will make the tackling of problems more effective and conclusive. These steps are best because they make the establishment of the truth easier for lawyer. However, the most effective step s that should be used are the assessment of the relative weight and implementation strategy for each method that would be used, use of a visual model and the evaluation criteria (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie et al., 2007). This is valuable in the study because despite their position in the hierarchy of the steps, these are the backbones of the research method and can be used in the cracking of a case. In law, it is paramount that the lawyer be able to assess the situation and pick a strategy that would be best for the case presentation. In conclusion, in the tackling of a legal case and the enforcement of the law, one is required to take a step back and view the case from more than one standpoint and use the mixed method research scheme to determine the facts from the
Career Immersion Day Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Career Immersion Day - Assignment Example Economic analysts are hired by companies, organizations or even businesses for a specified length of time depending on the length of the assigned project. Their services are essential and important for the success of any project. The most prominent employer in this area is BNY Mellon. This is an exciting career as I will always remain updated on what is happening in the global market influenced by both the public and private sectors in the economy. Later in the future, I would love to establish my consultancy firm in this area in order to reach more clients in the global market.Cover LetterMy grades at all levels are excellent, especially in mathematics and business. My transcripts in the university are also good. Since I have specialized in financial economics; I believe that I have acquired the best in terms of knowledge and skills from the University. The learning environment is very challenging also exposes me to different situations and challenges in my line of study. The course outline provided during every semester has always ensured that I have been able to cover what is expected of me. Through the different case studies and researches issued by my professors and instructors, I have been able to explore the real situations in the global market by analyzing them and drawing up the conclusion. When it comes to the financial markets, analyzing different stock portfolios is quite interesting and challenging in all aspects.I believe that I also pose qualities that most employers are looking for.
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Law Enforcement Research Design and Analysis Assignment 1
Law Enforcement Research Design and Analysis 1 - Assignment Example er the ‘the best of both worlds.’ This is because it marries the less rich but more-efficient or compelling predictive power with the contextualized, in-depth, and natural but more time-consuming insights of quantitative research (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie et al., 2007). These methods mold seamlessly into each other to produce the best format and attacking procedure that will make the tackling of problems more effective and conclusive. These steps are best because they make the establishment of the truth easier for lawyer. However, the most effective step s that should be used are the assessment of the relative weight and implementation strategy for each method that would be used, use of a visual model and the evaluation criteria (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie et al., 2007). This is valuable in the study because despite their position in the hierarchy of the steps, these are the backbones of the research method and can be used in the cracking of a case. In law, it is paramount that the lawyer be able to assess the situation and pick a strategy that would be best for the case presentation. In conclusion, in the tackling of a legal case and the enforcement of the law, one is required to take a step back and view the case from more than one standpoint and use the mixed method research scheme to determine the facts from the
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Environmental Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Environmental Audit - Essay Example This paper is focused upon environmental audit and how important it is for an organization. It would elaborate on the environmental policies of 3M. Moreover it would shed light upon how 3M followed sustainable practices. Discussion Anything that impinges on the firm can be included in the environment. The environment is not stable; in fact, it is increasingly turbulent due to the era of change and uncertainty in which we live. Changes are happening faster and faster, requiring continual response on the part of businesses. Thereby, it is becoming increasingly imperative for companies to carry out feasibility studies and environmental audits to assess the nature of the new market and plan the strategies accordingly. Environmental audit is the process by which the company’s environmental performance is tested based upon the various environmental policies and strategies that are implemented. The environmental policies and objectives of an organization are clearly stated and docume nted even if they are not followed as rigorously. The audit is carried out based on tests that study the documentation, the policies, work manuals and other material, observation of work practices, and other tests that ensure compliance to the policies and legal requirements. According to the International Chamber of Commerce environmental audit is defined as â€Å"a management tool that ensures a methodical, documented, regular and objective assessment of how an organization is performing in its aims to maintain and protect the environment through controlling management of environmental practices and evaluating the conformity with the policies of the company†(Environmental Auditing, 2004) Environmental audit is a done in a structured and organized manner in order to manage environmental and sustainability issues. It must be supported through the documentation so that verification and validation is carried out effectively at any point in time. The purpose and idea behind an environmental audit is to assess the performance of an organization in terms of its environmental management and equipment. There are various types of environmental audits including environmental management audit, environmental compliance audit, environmental assessment audit, waste audits, environmental due diligence audits and supplier audits. I formerly worked at 3M US which is one of the top companies when it comes to environmental sustainability. It has been at the forefront from the beginning when it comes to adopting programs and policies to ensure environmental protection, social responsibility and economic vitality. The legal structure of the US also has influence over the companies and ensures that environmental policies that are stated are properly followed and implemented. The environmental protection agency (EPA) had strong compliance and conformity principles. At 3M the environmental audit is conducted by the company’s lawyers. The information of the audit is ke pt confidential and not issued until court orders are received. The approach of audit is been changed by the USEPA to go towards ‘self-policing’. Self audit is considered a better option as it allows the companies to reduce any potential legal costs by a great amount. 3M had high regards for sustainability and gave precedence to the sustainable practices. The sustainable practices policies of 3M were in line with the overall corporate policies and values. 3M
Monday, October 14, 2019
2.5 work file Essay Example for Free
2.5 work file Essay Directions: Complete the food safety interactive quiz. Use the information from the interactive quiz to complete the following responses regarding food safety practices. For each of the following food safety practices, share at least 2 statements from the interactive quiz. Be sure to put these statements in your own words and explain why they are helpful in preventing food borne illness. An example would be: When dining from a buffet, make sure hot food is hot and cold food is cold. Food that is 40 – 140 degrees Fahrenheit has already begun to grow bacteria and pathogens. Clean (16 points): 1. After handling raw meat, poultry, fish, or eggs wash your hands because you can get a foodborne illness. 2. Rinse fruits and vegetables with running tap water before eating, cutting, and cooking to reduce amount of bacteria present. Separate (16 points): 1. Keep many foods separate to avoid cross-contamination. It is the transfer of harmful bacteria from foods to other foods. Especially, when handling raw meat, eggs, or poultry. 2. Be sure to wash your counter and utensils with hot, soapy water to kill bacteria. Cook (16 points): 1. I f you leave cooked food out for 8 hours, throw away the food. See more: The Issues Concerning Identity Theft Essay Bacteria can grow rapidly and cause illness when it has the nutrients it needs. 2. You can a hamburger is cooked when you use a food temperature and the internal part of the hamburger is 160 F. Chill (16 points): 1. Freezing food should be kept and 0 F and below because it inactivates microbes- bacteria, yeasts, and mold. 2. By refrigerating foods at cold temperatures, you keep bacteria from multiplying. In your own kitchen, explain 2 food safety practices you feel your family can improve and 2 food safety practices you feel your family does well. (16 points) 2 food safety practices are: Run fruits and vegetables under tap water before cooking, eating, and cutting. Refrigerate food when not being used because bacteria forms rapidly. 2 safety practices: Wash utensils with warm, soapy water. Clean your counter with warm, soapy water to kill bacteria. In what ways do your school and community practice or promote food safety to contribute to your personal health? (20 points) They contribute to this by reducing pollution and cleaning up the community. By doing these little things, it can help my lungs be full of oxygen and not pollutants and cleaning up the community can save my life my protecting fish that I eat.
Sunday, October 13, 2019
The formation of friction ridge skin
The formation of friction ridge skin The formation of friction ridge skin and how it relates to the permanence of fingerprints A large part of the human body is protected by a layer of skin that is reasonably free from difficulties or impediments. Friction Ridges can be found on our fingers, the bottom of our feet and on the palms of our hands. They are called friction ridges is because one of their main functions is to help us easily take hold of objects (Girard, 2008). The friction ridges deposits things like sweat and other types of contaminants directly to any surface that it comes in contact with. The impression which is left behind is an exact reproduction of the part of friction ridge skin that touched the surface. A lot of times the impression cannot be seen with the naked eye so hence the reason why it is called a latent print, which means that the print is there but not clear to the vision (Keogh, 2001). During the third to fourth month of the development of a fetus fingerprints are distinguished. These fingerprints are made up of individual traits known as bifurcations, ridge endings, dots and many other ridge shape differences. Single kinship of individual distinguishing trait does not change throughout an individuals life, until the individual dies and the body decomposes (Keogh, 2001). After the fingerprint of the infant is formed, the growing ridges are a lot like taking a pen and drawing a face on a balloon then blowing up the balloon to see if the face will open up consistently in all different directions. Perverse alterations to fingerprints include cuts or injuries that are very deep and penetrating all layers of the outer epithelial layer of the skin and other diseases like leprosy (Girard, 2008). Except for if an individual has any type of cuts, or scarring on the fingers their prints never change and there is no similarity between two fingerprints. The lines on the hands and feet of all individuals have three characteristics (ridge endings, bifurcations and dots) which are evident in sequences that never recur on the feet and hands of any two individuals. A ridge ending is merely the end of a line (also known as an ending ridge). A split of an individual ridge that is shaped into two is known as a bifurcation. A short ridge that is similar to a dot is called a dot. Up until recently these two premises has been introduced as three propositions. The first is that before birth friction ridges are developed on the unborn. Secondly, there is no change of friction ridges as an individual age and throughout their lifetime with the exception for scars left permanently from an accident or serious injury. Thirdly, the patterns and details in areas that are very small on friction ridge s are unlike any other and are never recurring What is the scientific method, and how is this theory applied to fingerprint analysis? The scientific method also known as ACE-V is the abbreviation for the analysis or modified version of the scientific method that is followed by friction ridge examiners: Analyzing, Comparing, Evaluating, Verifying. The first time that ACE-V was used for physical evidence was in 1960 and ridge detail in 1980. Inspector Roy A. Huber, RCMP, developed the ACE-V process and Sergeant David Ashbaugh, RCMP, made this process popular among the friction ridge identification field. Analyze The first step which is analysis, compels the expert to test and dissect all variables that has an affect on the friction ridge characteristics in question. Once latent fingerprints are being tested there are quite a few factors that one has to be considered and probed into. Some of these factors are the material upon which the latent print has been placed, the process of development, pressure distortion, and elements on the outside like blood and grease. The amount and type of latent print ridges has an effect on the testers competence to carry out the next phase. The end of the analysis process determines whether there is sufficient information existing to go on to the next step (Jones, 2006). Compare The process of comparing bring into play the known model with which the latent print must be compared. At this particular point, there is also another aspect of analysis occurring. This analyzing is of the known model in an effort to bring about the suitability for achieving the end result set out in the information above. There is a possibility that the recognized model may have fingerprint images that had too much ink, or was smudged so therefore it was not reliable, stopping a comparison from being definitive. The process of comparison starts with determining the overall ridge circulation and fit in an effort to orient in a proper manner the latent print with an accompanying area of the known model fingerprint. This is usually followed by choosing key traits, understanding their position, trend and relationship and then showing the differences of this structure with the structure in the known models. The type and amount of this information directly affects how easy or di fficult the process is (Jones, 2006). Evaluate The conclusion of the comparing is the evaluating process or making a conclusion. The overall fingerprint society refers to the end result drawn as being one of three options. First, the two characteristics (the latent and the known print) were made by the exact finger of the same individual. Second, the latent characteristic has not been produced by any of the fingers of the model fingerprints. And thirdly, an ending of the comparing could not be accomplished, and this is due to the fact that there is not enough clarity or the lack of area to be compared in the known models. (Jones, 2006). Verify The final process is verification. The overall guide is that the process of establishing identity must be confirmed by another individual or expert who is qualified. This process of confirmation by a second examiner is a self governing test of both fingerprint characteristic (latent fingerprint and known model fingerprint) applying the scientific procedures of analysis, comparison and evaluation described above (Jones, 2006). There have been some recent challenges in New Hampshire vs. Richard Langill and Maryland vs. Bryan Rose. These two cases have pinpointed a couple of issues that are important for the latent print community: documentation and the rate of error. Each step of the ACE-V process or its equivalent needs better. In order to rebuild that analysis, enough documents are needed. By documenting the relevant information gathered during the analyzing, evaluating, and comparing of latent prints so the ground work for the conclusion (identifying, excluding, or inconclusive), the tester will produce a transparent record of the procedure and that way supply the courts with more information to determine how reliable that particular method is for a for a exact case. At present, examiners are not required to document, within a latent support, which features support both their reasoning and support.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Statue Of Liberty :: essays research papers
I chose to write about the Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty serves as a symbolic fixture of the principles America was founded on. She represents freedom, liberty, and opportunity. The location of the Statue of Liberty is an amazing feat in itself, it is right in the middle of a very wide and a very deep Hudson river, and at the time it was brought there, with the limited technology, was amazing. Adding to the location, The State of Liberty as everyone knows is right next to the old customs ports where thousands of hungry, and poor immigrants fresh off the boat would pass through looking for a better life. The fact that Liberty is a woman is an ingenious idea because a woman tends to be more sympathetic and willing to help, if Liberty was a man the statue would seem more cold, stiff, and even militant. Throughout history statues have been built to represent a great moment but the Statue of Liberty was build to symbolize a great idea and country. At that time in history people were flocking to America because they were either being persecuted in their home countries or they were just disappointed at the status of their lives and wanted to come to â€Å"the land of opportunity†to start a new life.      This is a great symbol of art because The Statue of Liberty is magnificent in every way, and serves its purpose to a superb level. Like I mentioned previously, â€Å"location, location, location .. â€Å" the statue’s location was perfect back in the days of Ellis Island and is perfect now as a tourist site. Shortly after the immigrants on the boats first spotted the land of their new homes, they came into the Hudson river to see this grand statue, and to most people it wasn’t just some lady who was standing in the middle of a river, it was the lady who was going to free them or help them from their inadequate lives.
Friday, October 11, 2019
Chinese peasant and Communism DBQ Essay
Between circa 1925 and circa 1950, the relations between the Chinese peasants and the Chinese Communist Party became out of hand due to the peasant rebellions/uprising groups present, the tension between Japan and the communist party, and most notable the mass reform during this time period. In 1927 the rising leader of the Chinese Communist party was acknowledging that soon the upsurge of peasant rebellion was soon, and that will soon rise up and overpower the wealthy landowning class. (DOC 1). In 1941 a Japanese official report had noted that due to extreme similarities between the peasants and local communist guerrilla unit. These similarities would’ve made it hard from a commoner point of view to distinguish between the two groups, and allowing the rebels to remain hidden easier. (DOC 3). William Hinton of the Chinese Communist Land reform reported that in 1948, the arming of the peasants to fight Japan had a substantial effect. Arming of the peasants gave them a trouble-free way to rise up and make the landlords pay for their abuse and make them repay the overcharges and restore land to proper owners. (DOC 6). As the peasants where preoccupied in their uprising the Communist party struggled to attract the peasant population to their side in fighting Japan. An Additional document that may help strengthen this argument would be a journal from a noble in a city or town close to the heart of China where the uprisings where present. As Communist China strived to attract the peasant majority to fight against China it brought quite a lot of tension throughout the state. The attraction began in 1942 with a report from the Communist Central Committee implying that the peasants contribute to the basic strength of the Anti-Japanese War. That they must improve life for the peasants and grant more rights if they even wish to have them voluntarily fight for them.(DOC 5). A report was released in 1942 that gave descriptions of the result of Japanese attack on Chinese soil. Most of the statistics used in the report may have been false in the communists endeavor to gain the peasant population.(DOC 4). However in the communists pursuit they had persuaded some people of the peasant community. A conversation between a teenage peasant and his grandfather explained some of the goods that communism had brought to the Chinese. From the grandfather’s point of view, Communism had brought nothing but greatness to the Chinese state, but at the time period such claims would often be argued, thus building tension.(DOC 2). With the prevalent tension and the armed peasants it led to a mass reform during this period. An Addition document that may help in this would most definitely be a journal from a pro Communism and anti Communism to see the variety of views on the group. With the uprisings become stronger, and tensions building greater it led to a massive reform across the state. The reforms began first in 1948 with the arming of the peasants in China to fight against Japan, with the peasants armed it had prompted rebellion against the landlords taking the power from them and taking back what was originally theirs. (DOC 6). With the picture of the peasant sticking their tongue out to the landlord shows how the power has shifted quite massively. The fact that struggle meetings where organized in the land reform process quite well shows that the peasants have the power now.(DOC 9). In the same year of 1950, along with change of power there was also a change in life for women, and rights for them. There was establishment of a democratic marriage system prompted equal rights to women and freedom for whom they partner with.(DOC 8). Prior to the new marriage system and land reform it was prompted by the abolishment of the landlord class, and a peasant land ownership was established. Giving the peasants more freedom in their lives, then leading to the equal rights for woman and marriage.(DOC 7). With all the various reforms during this time the peasants point of view must be confident in their abilities how they have essentially rose to the top. I feel another good document to support my claims would simply be a report from a Communist general on his views of the massive reform the peasants had ignited. Throughout circa 1925 and circa 1950 across the Chinese Civil War and Anti-Japanese war the relations between the peasants of China and the Communist party grew out of hand. Due to the increasing of peasants uprising and rebellions, in addition to the tension built between the anti Communism and pro Communism peasants, and to finish the mass amounts of reform occurring during the era.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Character Traits of a Teenager
Someone asked me why does hate, anger, love, curiosity, admiration, etc. exist in the world. It was a very innocent yet important question that I would like to address. Seekers of the Spirit throughout time have noticed that the Divine Reality expresses in various ways, including Peace, Oneness, Wisdom, Knowledge, Creativity, Beauty, Goodness, Love, Delight, Power, Timelessness, and Infinity. These are also qualities that the Supreme seeks to manifest in the forms of creation. We humans are the means by which they take shape on earth. Interestingly, though the Intent of the Supreme was/is to spread these spiritual aspects throughout the cosmos, they initially took shape in their opposite form, as an inversion. For example, life first emerged in the universe as unconscious physical matter; and only after, emerged higher, more conscious forms. Thus, life, and indeed we humans have roots in unconsciousness mixed with the consciousness. And we have come to embody them in the form of both positive and negative character traits  expressing the physical, vital, and mental levels. An obvious question is why would a Divine Reality allow for both formations of darkness and light? Why not just manifest Its own, infinitely positive spiritual attributes? The answer is that it did so to enable the greatest variety, multiplicity, and possibility of experience. If there were only good traits, the diversity and depth of our life experiences would be limited. Thus, over time, a vast array of positive, neutral, and negative physical, vital, and mental traits came to be. For example, feelings like fear, anger, hatred, are negative expressions that originate in the vital plane of our being. It turns out that not only are these negative expressions inversions of their positive spiritual counterpart of Oneness, Power, Love, etc. , but inversions of our own positive human traits. For example, people who hate, secretly harbor love, but through circumstance inner and outer, have inverted to its darker side. A child might hate a parent because of their abuse, but secretly harbored intense love that reversed itself. In fact, the more intense the hate, the greater the possibility of love when the obstacles are overcome. In humanity's evolution we emerged from physical existence where our physical traits predominated, such as hunting and other survival skills, to the development of more complex vital feelings and relationships, such as trade, cooperation, and affinity toward marriage, to sophisticated traits of the mind, such as analyzing, synthesizing, calculating, rational thinking, etc. These are positive or neutral characteristics developed over the course of human evolution. And yet there are also negative qualities that developed, such as mental ignorance and falsehood. At the vital and physical levels there are far more and more virulent forms of negative character traits because as you go lower in human consciousness, the wanting characteristics tend to appear. Anger, hate, intense desire, lust, jealousy, etc. are negative vital traits; while domination, tendency to violence, etc. are examples of negative physical characteristics. And so we see how life evolved both a plethora of qualities in the human, both positive and negative, to enable the greatest variety of experience, from which we can evolve our nature and through that discovery experience delight.
Reading Habits
1 Findings FINDINGS 1. English is the most preferred language for reading; Mother tongue claimed the 2nd spot with 48% preferring to read in their mother tongue against 46% preferring Hindi. 2. Preferences of activities (PUMBA Vs Non-PUMBA) [where candidates were asked to rank their preferences on a 1-5 ranking scale] shows that: a. PUMBA candidates rank better on Reading and TV watching over other than PUMBA institutes. b. Other than PUMBA institutes rank higher on Music listening and chatting over the internet. . A large chunk of the sample population rate Chatting as the most preferred activity. d. The least preferred activity of the sample is Shopping. 3. Candidates aged: a. 20-23 are most interested in Entertainment b. 24-27 are most interested in Technology c. 28 + are most interested in Business 4. Areas of Interest (Work experience-wise): a. 80% of Freshers’ areas of interest lie in Entertainment b. 72% of Work experienced candidates’ area of interest lies in Bu siness and Technology both. 5. Intention to read: a. The general trend that is seen is that the candidate either male or female read to learn, to be informed and for academics. b. The data shows that for 15% of females read out of habit as against 5% male candidates. c. 40% males read for news, contrary to female populations’ 5%. Reading Trends Among Students Department of Management Sciences, University of Pune PUMBA 2 Findings 6. The Internet followed by friends/colleagues and Newspapers/magazines form the major sources of information about Reading material. 7. Sources of Reading Material a. 3% of the respondents from Institutes other than PUMBA source their reading material from Websites. b. A majority of candidates from PUMBA i. e. 85% of the candidates consider the Library as their main source of reading material. 8. The most popular strategy adopted to overcome difficult reading material is to ask others for help. 9. The two major hurdles in reading are Time and Surroundings. 10. A whopping 91% of the sample population adm it ‘Strain on the eyes’ as the biggest reason for not preferring E-Reading. 11. Accessibility and Economy are the biggest pros for E-Reading. 12. There are NO differences Graduation stream-wise in the time spent on reading but there are differences Age-wise in the time spent on reading. 13. There are NO differences gender-wise for the reading intention to learn. 14. There are differences gender-wise for the intention of reading to stimulate imagination. 15. There are NO Gender-wise differences in the total time spent on reading. Reading Trends Among Students Department of Management Sciences, University of Pune PUMBA
Wednesday, October 9, 2019
Volswagen in the United States Case study Essay
Volswagen in the United States Case study - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to analyze Volkswagens American operations, examine the effects of globalization on Volkswagen, and to describe the strategies that Volkswagen has developed in order to improve its position in the US. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section provides brief literature review on globalization within the context of the automotive industry wherein VW operates. This will be followed by background information on Volkswagen’s global operations, with a particular emphasis on its operations in America. The second section discusses globalization and the issues affecting Volkswagen with respect to its promotion and distribution strategies. The final section explores the international structure most appropriate for VW based on its current position in the world market. At its most fundamental, globalisation refers to the world as one big market and source of information. It is characterised by a free flow of goods, people and information around the world, an internationalization of economic processes and the emergence of world markets (Lemoine, W. and Dagnaes, L., 2002). Consequently globalization has given rise to new concepts such as global industries, organizations and strategies used to market and sell global products, brands and services. A global industry has been defined as ‘an industry in which the strategic positions of competitors in major geographic or national markets are fundamentally affected by their overall operations’ (Porter, 1980, p.275). The automotive industry has been recognized as a global industry in the sense that business activities or transactions made by a multinational automotive enterprise would not likely follow the business model from its host country. Shimokawa (1999) pointed out that these activities would include: On the one hand, an organization may generally be considered as global when it ‘operates in more than one country and captures R&D, production,
Tuesday, October 8, 2019
Formal Report-Analyzing two possible career choices PART 2 Assignment
Formal Report-Analyzing two possible career choices PART 2 - Assignment Example The choices that are being considered are that of a career as a Sales Manager or as a Marketing Manager. These two positions will be evaluated on the basis of the salary, number of hours worked, the benefits that go with the job and the long term prospects for the job. Career Alert conducted extensive research on the job opportunities open for a Sales Manager and a Marketing Manager through the website Glassdoor.com, the ExecutivesOnTheWeb.com and Careerbuilder.com. Information regarding the current salary ranges of both the Sales and Marketing Managers were based on these sites. Interviews were conducted among current Sales and Marketing Managers to get insights on their careers. Career Alert believes in the importance of making the right decision in choosing a career. We are aware that a career choice is dependent on several factors such as the salary and the future prospects for the job. Your concern is our concern too. We measure our success by the success of our clients. We are dedicated to helping you decide what the best career path is for you, a Sales Manager or a Marketing Manager. A Sales Manager is responsible for the sales program of a company. Sales Managers are the ones who set the goals for the sales team. They are in-charge of assigning the sales territories of the sales representatives (Halvorsen, n.d.). Moreover, training programs for the sales representatives are designed by the Sales Manager. Sales Managers serve as advisers or mentors of the sales representatives regarding ways on how to improve their performance and meet their sales targets (Halvorsen, n.d.). A Sales Manager must be able to analyze sales statistics gathered by his sales staff in order to find out the sales potential of certain areas and address the preferences of the clients (O*NET Online, 2011). The salary of a Sales Manager is usually broken down as fixed salary per month, cash or stock bonuses and
Monday, October 7, 2019
Burden and Standard of Proof Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Burden and Standard of Proof - Case Study Example Accordingly, the claimant usually bears the legal burden (and by necessity an evidential burden) of proving all the elements of his claim. Similarly, the defendant bears the legal (and evidential) burden of proving any defence and/or counter claim against the claimant. The burden of proof in criminal cases: The basic rule was laid down by Viscount Sankey LC in Woolmington v DPP3, 'Throughout the web of the English criminal law one golden thread is always to be seen, that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoners guilt4'. It would be possible to justify the rule as part of a policy to avoid embarrassing criticisms of the administration of justice by minimising wrongful convictions. These are more likely to be avoided if the burden is fixed in this way then if an accused person has to prove his innocence. It is also possible to justify the rule by appeal to principle. For example, it would be a necessary feature of the law if it were accepted that, in Dworkin's words, people have a profound right not to be convicted of crimes of which they are innocent. Viscount Sankey said that the rule was subject to exceptions in the case of the defence of insanity and subject also to any statutory exception. But there have been Challenges to the idea that it is ever just to place a legal burden of proof on defendants. Standard of Proof of civil and criminal cases: In criminal cases the standard of proof to which the prosecution must prove its case has been variously described as 'beyond reasonable doubt' (Woolmington v DPP5). In Miller v Minister of pensions6, Denning J described the standard of proof in civil cases as follows: If the evidence is such that the tribunal can say; 'we think it more probable than not,' the burden is discharged, but, if the probabilities are equal, it is not. There are, however, some exceptional cases where the criminal standard of proof is required: (a) Contempt of court (Re Bramble vale Ltd7; Dean v Dean8) (b) Where a person's livelihood is a stake (R v Milk Marketing Board, ex p Austin the Times, 21 March 1987). (c) Allegations of misconduct amounting to a criminal offence in disciplinary hearings (Re A Solicitor9, R (on the application of s) v Governing Body of YP School10). (d) Where statute requires the criminal standard of proof (Judd v Ministers of Pensions and National Insurance11). Presumption of innocence: Legal burdens on defendants may have to be considered in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights, which is now incorporated into English law Under the Human Rights Act 199812. The ECHR, Article 6(2) provides that every one with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until provided guilty according to law. The leading authority is Attorney-General's Reference (No 4 of 2002)13, from which the following principle may be distilled. a) The Defendant has a right to a fair trial, b) The Presumption of innocence is an important but not an absolute right and so derogations from the principle are permitted. c) The ECHR require a balance to be struck between the rights of the individual and wider interests
Saturday, October 5, 2019
Reader&report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
Reader&report - Assignment Example The author takes us to the eccentric climes of Newfoundland, in Canada, where the brutal forces of nature offer a chilling setting to a sometimes strange, sometimes lovable tale of a straightforward, gentleman called Quoyle. Quoyle marries the Petal his first wife who does not give him any attention; their marriage ends up being very destructive (Annie 12). Petal, his wife, hates herself, Quoyle, and their two daughters. She uses most of her time drinking as well as searching for love in the beds of different men. Quoyle loves Petal incessantly and maintains his commitment to her, their marriage, as well as their daughters. Quoyle is lastly freed from the marriage when his wife dies in a car accident together with one of her lovers (Annie 46). Quoyles aunt comes to assist him together with his children after the death of Petal and encourages Quoyle to move away for a new beginning. They then move to their ancestral home in Killick-Claw, Newfoundland. Quoyle arrives at their new home a discouraged, grieving and isolated with less accomplishment in life because always he has been told he cannot do anything correct (Annie 67). As time goes on, Quoyle gets a job of covering the shipping news. He as well meets a widowed woman, called Wavey, whom he is attracted to. The two enjoy each other’s company, but the past experience prevents them from getting closer. Later, Quole is promoted to be a managing editor at the paper by surprise. At last, he is able to move on from his past and marry Wavey (Annie 84). Quole finds out that loving again is achievable, and it does not have to include destruction and
Friday, October 4, 2019
Design and security of a small businness network - case study Essay
Design and security of a small businness network - case study - Essay Example The network layout of I.T soft requires an expandable and efficient network that will fulfill the requirements of the company. Advanced security features are also required in order to protect the VoIP traffic and preserve network availability. Project Scope and Objectives As I.T soft has decided to implement a new network. The network will use the latest technology in terms of both hardware and software, however cost considerations cannot be ignored as the company is an SME . The implementation of software technology includes the new innovative network that will support the following: Centralized Database access for sales/customer databases Email Internet access Company Website and Intranet VOIP They intend to run a local DNS server probably on their main domain server. They wish to provide a location for all users to store any company data Accounts and payroll data should only be available to the relevant staff. The customer database should be accessible to all staff, however they o ften have visitors to site who require network access, but the company are concerned about the integrity of their databases. Implementing a wireless environment to provide access to visitors They also require a training room, with networking and access to the internet. protect the integrity of their email and VOIP systems They need to provide access to internal data to staff working off-site. Requirement for tools and Suggestions in order to optimize network performance Requirements for monitoring the provision of their core services such as the availability and performance of their servers and VoIP system Tools to warn of any significant network changes Monitor any attacks on their systems Providing redundancy and failover Network Topology Star topology is recommended for the wired local area network. It is the most widely adopted topology. The star topology supports the centralized provision of network resources and services. The support staff can manage the network administrative and troubleshooting tasks centrally. Star topology helps to implement centralized security architecture for improved and enhanced security of the network. The network implementation cost can be saved by provisioning the core systems located centrally. The security controls and backup systems are also located centrally for better troubleshooting and management. Example of the star topology is available in Fig 1.1. Network Cables For deploying the local network for Camden site, CAT 5 cable is the best option. It supports both voice and data transmission. CAT-5 is in the form of twisted pairs. This cable consists of four copper wire pairs, connecting the network node with RJ 45 connectors.CAT-5 supports up to 100 to 1000 MHz speeds in a ‘full duplex’ mode (Category 5 Cable. 2007). The Camden site will corresponds to request related to internet applications, voice and video transmission, file transfer protocol and Emails. CAT 5 can support these features with ease. However , CAT 5 cable can support up to 300 feet equal to 100 meters in distance. A requirement of the switch is mandatory for every 300 feet. Routers A router is a core computing and packet processing devices in the computer network. Router connects two or more networks with different subnets, enabling the networks to expand on an enterprise level. Logically the router builds a routing table, where it stores all the route addresses. For example, the data packet
Thursday, October 3, 2019
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay Example for Free
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay The novel that has inspired me the most is To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. I first read the book when I was thirteen years old. Since then, I have reread the novel at least twice a year. There are many features of the novel that has touched me in a profound way. However, there is one aspect that distinguishes this book as my absolute favorite and as the novel that enthuses me: its description of courage. The honorable feature that the novel contains that most inspires me is its truly unique portrayal of courage. The main character, a lawyer named Atticus Finch, states that, â€Å"[Real courage is] when you know youre licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do.†In other words, true courage is trying to do what is right even if you know you are most likely going to lose. Indeed, Atticus does just that. In a town located in the Deep South during the 1930s that is highly prejudiced against African Americans, Atticus defends an innocent black man accused of rape by a white man and his daughter. In the months leading up to the trial, Atticus and his family, specifically his children, experience resentment from the townspeople. Atticus himself realizes that, â€Å"[he] won’t win.†Despite this, Atticus presses on, but ultimately, he loses the case. Inspiringly, even though Atticus knew he would not win the case, he tried anyway because he knew it was the right thing to do. Because of its inimitable portrayal of courage, To Kill a Mockingbird is the book that inspires me most. I can only hope when I am faced with an ethical dilemma that will affect my family and me negatively, that I will have the courage to do what I know to be morally right.
Enzymatic Route for the Production of Biofuels
Enzymatic Route for the Production of Biofuels CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study Many compounds are currently produced through reactions that use chemical catalysts or expensive experimental conditions. However, this practice is aggressive to the environment, generating effluents with high cost of treatment, and consuming too energy. Enzymatic catalysis appears thus to reduce the energy demand contributing to a reduction in by-product formation. However, the acquisition cost of enzymes is still high, making difficult the access of biocatalyst to industries. An alternative to this financial barrier is immobilize the enzyme (ZHENG et al., 2012). Constant efforts are being made to improve the enzyme’s activity, efficiency, reproducibility and stability during industrial processes (Wang et al. , 2010). Enzyme immobilisation is confinement of enzyme to a phase (matrix/support) different from the one for substrates and products. Inert polymers and inorganic materials are usually used as carrier matrices. Apart from being affordable, an ideal matrix must encompass characteritcs like inertness, physical strength, stability, regenerability, ability to increase enzyme specificity/ activity and reduce product inhibition, nonspecific adsorption and microbial contamination (Singh, 2009). Immobilization generates continous economic operations, automation, high investment/capacity ratio and recovery of product with greater purity (D’Souza, 1998). There are several factors affecting the immobilization processes such as adsorption, covalence bound, entrapment and cross- linking. During the initial years of the development in the field of immobilized enzymology, researchers used to find only the advantage of the immobilized enzymes in comparison to their soluble / free counterparts. Advantages of immobilized versus soluble enzymes included comparative studies in pH profile, various denaturing agents organic solvents, and temperature. Now recently during the last couple of decades, immobilized enzyme technology has advanced into and ever- expanding and multidisciplinary fields to analyze clinical, industrial and environmental samples. Examples of the recent developments and used of immobilized enzymes in different fields such as in medicine, antibiotic production,drug metabolism,food industry, biodiesel production and bioremediation. 1.2 Problem Statement The use of enzymatic route for production of biofuels is growing up due the mild reaction conditions. In fact of that, we must find a way to reduce the cost to ensure the experimental that are highly cost can be carried out and despite of that, immobilize enzyme is the best way that can be used. In addition, it also can be use multiple or repetitive in a single batch of enzyme. It become more economics as it also has the ability to stop the reaction rapidly by removing the enzyme from the reaction solution. By finding this solution, so that there are no problem arise to continuously used it as a biocatalyst. 1.3 Objectives To provide an alternative way to reduce the experimental cost by using immobilized enzyme To study the differences on the enzyme activity when using pH and mass media To develop the easiest method that can be use by the others as it does not need a professional qualitification. CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Enzyme First and foremost, enzymes are the active components in the cells, where they induce chemical transformations. Besides, enzymes are large, complex macromolecules, consisting largely of protein and usually contain a prosthetic group (one or more metal atoms). It also acts as biocatalyst that catalyzes all chemical conversions needed for the system’s survival and reproduction (Buchholz et al., 2005; Idris et al., 2008). Besides, enzyme also act as catalyst to boost up the rate of chemical reaction by factor up to more than and result to the reduction of activation energy compared to uncatalyzed reaction (Buchholz et al., 2005) as shown in figure 3.1. On top of that, enzymes have unique characteristics for instance high activity, selectivity, and specificity which permit their performance in their complex process. Figure 2.1: Free energy diagram for an uncatalyzed and enzyme-catalyzed reaction (Buchholz et al. , 2005) Enzymes are specific to the types of reactions that they catalyze. In addition, they are more stable and easier to handle than the original microorganisms from which they were isolated. On top of that, enzymes play an important role in biochemical analysis and it is widely used in many industrial processes especially in food production and many more. On the other hand, properties of most enzymes are dependent on pH of their environment. Dependence of catalytic activity on the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution is given by protonable groups. These groups are the parts of active site of enzymes and also are present in substrate molecules. Thus, the reaction between the enzyme and the substrate is dependent on the degree of protonation. That is the reason why majority of enzymes are catalytically active in specific interval of pH values. If the pH value is higher or lower than pH optimum of certain enzyme, catalytic activity of enzyme decreases. pH optimum is value of pH at which the activity of an enzyme reaches the maximum. Changing of pH values of reaction medium is one way how to regulate the activity of enzyme (Vodrazka et al. , 2001). Even though enzymes give benefits in many application, there are some restrictions should be stated. Enzymes are excellent reactions catalysts but without any improvement thus in pure state, they are not very suitable for use in reactors in industrial scale. On the other hand, enzymes may be instable due to spontaneous oxidation, self digestion, or denaturation and they work properly only on natural substrates and under physiological conditions. In addition, they are soluble in water and also in organic solvents and can be strongly inhibited by excess amount of substrates, product formed during enzyme-catalyzed reaction and however by certain by-products of the reaction. 2.2 Immobilized Enzyme Enzyme immobilization can be described as the attachment of free or soluble enzymes to different types of support. This process turns the soluble enzyme into insoluble form by interaction with specific type of support. As a result, the mobility of the enzyme is reduced or lost (Khan et al . , 2010). Immobilized means enzyme has been confined or localized so that it can be reused continuously (Ramachandra et al . , 2002). Immobilized enzyme are currently the subject of considerable interest because of their advantages over soluble enzymes or alternative technologies, and the steadily increasing number of application for immobilized enzymes (Tisher et al. , 1999). Numerous methods for achieving the immobilization of lipases are available, each involves a different degree of complexity and efficiency. There are various methods used to date are adsorption, ionic bonding, covalent bonding, cross linking, entrapment, and encapsulation (Ramachandran et al. , 2002). 2.3 Support Chen et al (2011) studied the effect of hydrophobicity of membranes used as support for the immobilization of lipase by covalent bond in the activity and stability of the enzyme, and obtained better results when used more hydrophobic membrane. Studies claim that the region surrounding the active site of lipases is hydrophobic, and because of that, they recognize hydrophobic surfaces as similar to their natural substrate and undergo interfacial activation (FERNANDEZ- LAFUENTE et al. , 1998). Zhou (2012) showed that, in general, substrates with high specificity had greater surface area for adsorption capacity, while the more hydrophobic again, the best results are attributed to the improved interfacial activity of the lipase. It is possible to predict, taking into account the objectives in view, the selected substrate should have high surface area, be thermally stable, chemically durable, resistant to contamination and reasonable cost (KANDASAMY et al. , 2010). Because of all these cha racteristics was chosen support material, the MCM41, whose family is characterized by having a hexagonal arrangement of uniform pores and well- defined size, with linear channels constructed with a silica matrix (KRESGE et al. , 1992). 2.4 Methods of Immobilization Many review and books on the immobilization of enzyme have been published during the last two decades (Bahulekar et al. , 1993 Kennedy Cabral, 1983). In the course of the last decades, numerous methods of immobilization a variety of different materials have been developed. However, different types of immobilization may have different effects on the enzyme activity or stability, is not always predictable at forehand (Arroyo et al. , 1999; Cao, 2011). Therefore, advantages and disadvantage have been described in Table 3.1 below. On the other hand, it is known that any type of immobilization method has the potential to stabilize the enzyme relative to their native form (Cao, 2011).Basically, there are four ways to immobilize enzyme onto surfaces as explain below : Adsorption This method immobilization is the connection between enzyme and support without any chemical modification. Besides, this is the most used method for immobilization due to some advantages such as low cost, no chemical additives required and high activity (Fukuda et al. , 2011). Covalence This method of immobilization is based on covalent bound between enzyme and carrier. During the catalyst action, the interaction between enzyme and support is very strong which makes the enzymes very stable. Instead having an advantage, covalent binding also has some disadvantage as well like the reaction conditions are complicated, there is a high risk of loose of enzyme activity during the process, and some coupling reagents are toxic (Fukuda et al. , 2011). Entrapment This method of immobilization is process of capture of the enzyme into the inner hollows of some specific matrix or into microencapsules of polymer. Thus, an enzyme inside of the matrix is not attached to the polymer and its free diffusion is only restrained (Fukuda et al. , 2011). Cross Linking This method of immobilization is the interaction between enzyme, coupling reagent, and carrier will form the three dimensional network structures. This method lead to strong interaction between the protein and the carrier, but activity of the immobilized enzyme is low. That is the reason why cross linking is often combined with adsorption to achieve higher immobilization efficiency (Fukuda et al. , 2011). Table 2.1 :The advantages and disadvantages of immobilization method 2.5 Advantages of Immobilized Lipase Although lipases presently account for no more than 3% of all enzymes produced worldwide, the use of immobilized lipases for the modification of melted fats and oils is currently a subject of expanding interest (Ramachandran et al. , 2002). This interest is due in part to the fact that the use of lipases has the potential to be more cost effective when enzyme are employed in immobilized rather than in free form (Ramachandran et al. , 2002). Besides, there are several reasons to use immobilized enzymes such as easy separation of enzyme from the product and reuse of the enzyme. Easy separation of the enzyme from the product simplifies enzyme applications and permits reliable and efficient reaction technology. Enzyme reuse provides a number of cost advantages (Tisher Kasche, 1999). Furthermore, the use of immobilized lipases leads to a decrease in potential for contamination of the product via residual lipases, thus avoiding the need for downstream thermal treatment (Ramachandra et al. , 2002). The immobilization of enzyme is a useful tool to meet cost targets and has a number of technological advantages (Tisher Kasche, 1999). Immobilization also permits multiple uses of the lipases and often enhances its thermal and chemical stability, thus leading to predictable decay rates. It also enhance oppurtunities for better control of both the process and product quality. In fact the increment costs of using an immobilized biocatalyst in a continuos process are more than 20 times lower than with a traditional one (Ramachandra et al. , 2002). Owing to the world wide variety of properties of individual enzyme species and the varying requirements of reaction technology for the target compounds, it is necessary to exploit the wealth of methods and techniques of immobilization (Tisher Kasche, 1999). The main disadvantage of immobilization can be loss of activity due to immobilization, limitation in substrate’s diffusion, possible leakage of the biocatalyst from the support (Ramachandra et al . , 2002). 2.6 Classification of Enzyme Enzyme can be classified into six categories according to the reaction catalyzed. Every enzyme is defined by a unique set of 4 numbers. The first number denotes the reaction they catalyze, the second number indicates chemical structure that are changed in the process, the third shows the properties of the enzyme involved in the catalytic reaction and the forth implies the running number (Buchholz et al. , 2005). Table 3.2 shows the six group of enzyme and the type of reaction catalyzed (Knez et al. , 2001). Table 2.2: Classification of enzyme and the reaction catalyzed (Knez et al. , 2001) 2.7 Lipase from Candida Rugosa Lipase from Candida rugosa sp. is one of the most attractive commercially available lipases for complete hydrolysis of triacylglycerols because it has ability to liberate all types of acyl chains, despite of their positions in the triacylglycerols (Virto et al. , 1994). Candida rugosa sp. is one of the most extensively studied microorganisms by biotechnologists due to its powerful lipase ( E.C. 3.1.1.3) production capacity. In addition, Candida rugosa sp. lipase has extensive substrate specificity which provides successfully used in a variety of hydrolysis and esterification reactions. Furthermore, it is possible used in synthesis of several pharmaceuticals (Benjamin Pandey, 1998) due to its high stereoselectivity and regioselectivity. The yeast of Candida rugosa sp. secreted several extracellular lipases and they differ in terms of molecular weight, carbohydrate content, isolectric point specificity (Pernas et al. , 2000). Besides, it is commonly used for several streoselective esterification reactions in organic medium under mild reaction conditions (Abdul Rahman et al. , 2005). CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials and Equiment Table 3.1: List of chemicals and equipment Experimental design 3.2.1 Preparation of Buffer solution In conducting this experiment, at pH 7.0 and 8.0, three buffer solutions of 50 mM of Potassium phosphate at pH 6.0 are made. Preparation to remove organic part on support 1 g of MCM 41 support are mixed with 10 mL of 10% HNO3 v/v and are strirring for 30 minutes. The solution are filtrate and the successive washes of water and buffer solution are removed. 3.2.3 Dilution for the p-NP (p- nitrophenol) 0.0014g of the reagent are weighed and are dissolve in a buffer to complete 100mL in volumetric flask. Dilutions of p-NP are made in the same buffer and are analyze on a spectrophotometer with absorbance 410nm using blank reaction buffer solution. Determination of enzymatic activity The substrate are using lipase and p-NFL (p-nitrophenillaurate). 0.018 g of the substrate are dissolve in 1 mL of DMSO and buffer are add until 100 mL flask are complete. For preparing the lipase solution, 0.1 g of the enzyme solution are dissolve in a 100mL of the buffer solution and subsequently performing various dilutions. Lipase solution with substrate are place in 2mL of cuvette at 40s for contact time. The pH variation is due to buffer at pH 6, 7 and 8. Immobilization process A beaker containing 20mL of p-NPL is place on magnetic stirrer is use for immobilization. To know the influence of the mass of support for immobilization, different mass of MCM 41 are add. The samples is collect and is being analyze by spectrophotometer at interval 10 minutes. CHAPTER 4 : EXPECTED RESULTS The expected results for this study are: The increasing of the enzyme activity as the concentration of p- NF concentration is add and at what concentration it direct to to the enzymatic activity. By using the enzyme concentration ( lipase enzyme), the curve of enzymatic activity is expect to fall. The time for adsorption between the enzyme and support at pH 7 is just short if smaller mass support is use. The pH 7 is most convenient than pH 8 for the adsorption of the mass support of MCM 41. CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION The use of enzymatic route for the production of biofuels can be overcome by using the immobilization of enzyme. The influence of pH and mass media used will effect enzyme activity. The experiments that carry out at pH 6 will show a fall absorbance with the increasing of the enzyme concentration. This experiments also show that the lipase is best at pH 7 and pH 8 where the results are better at pH 7.0. As the optimal immobilization at a very short time where it shows high affinity of the enzyme for support.The mass support also shows best in a very small amount of adsorbed enzyme. This also shows that the cost benefits with the use of support, which will be smaller.
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